Mokuna I, ʻIke ʻoihana

I. ʻOihana waena lāʻau lapaʻau: ka ʻoihana crossover o ka ʻoihana kemika a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau

ʻO nā intermediates lāʻau lapaʻau he mau mea waena i ke kaʻina hana API, kahi lāʻau lapaʻau maikaʻi maikaʻi, ʻaʻole koi i ka laikini hana lāʻau no ka hana ʻana, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma muli o ka hopena o ka maikaʻi API hope loa i loko o ka non-GMP intermediate a me GMP intermediate (pharmaceutical intermediates i hana ʻia. ma lalo o nā koi GMP i wehewehe ʻia e ICHQ7).

ʻO ka ʻoihana intermediates lāʻau lapaʻau e pili ana i kēlā mau ʻoihana kemika e hana a hoʻoponopono i nā intermediates organik/inorganic a i ʻole nā ​​​​lāʻau lapaʻau no nā ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau e ka chemical synthetic a i ʻole biosynthetic ma lalo o nā kūlana koʻikoʻi.

(1) Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka subindustry intermediate Pharmaceutical i nā ʻoihana CRO a me CMO.

CMO: Contract ManufacturingOrganization e pili ana i ka mea hana aelike i hilinaʻi ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ka hui lāʻau lapaʻau e hoʻopuka i ka loulou hana i ka hoa.Hoʻomaka maʻamau ka kaulahao pāʻoihana o ka ʻoihana CMO lāʻau lapaʻau me nā lako lāʻau lapaʻau kūikawā.Pono nā ʻoihana ʻoihana e kūʻai i nā mea waiwai kemika maʻamau a hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou i loko o ka lāʻau lapaʻau kūikawā, a ʻo ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana e hoʻokumu i nā mea hoʻomaka API, cGMP intermediates, API, a me nā hoʻomākaukau.I kēia manawa, hoʻokumu nā hui lāʻau lapaʻau multinational nui i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā hui hoʻolālā lōʻihi me kekahi mau mea hoʻolako kumu, a maopopo ke ola o nā ʻoihana i ka ʻoihana ma o kā lākou mau hoa.

CRO: ʻO ka hui noiʻi ʻaelike (Clinical) e pili ana i ke keʻena noiʻi ʻaelike i kauoha ʻia kahi e hoʻopuka ai nā hui lāʻau lapaʻau i ka loulou noiʻi i nā hoa.I kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻoihana i ka hana maʻamau, ka noiʻi maʻamau a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka noiʻi ʻaelike lāʻau lapaʻau, kūʻai aku ma ke ʻano he hui nui, ʻaʻohe mea ʻē aʻe, me ka nānā ʻole i nā huahana intermediates pharmaceutical nā huahana hou, e hoʻoholo i ka hoʻokūkū koʻikoʻi o ka ʻoihana i ka noiʻi. a me ka ʻenehana hoʻomohala ʻana ma ke ʻano he mea mua, ʻaoʻao i hōʻike ʻia e like me nā mea kūʻai aku a i ʻole nā ​​​​hoa.

(2) Mai ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona ʻoihana, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻoihana waena i ke ʻano maʻamau a me ke ʻano maʻamau.

Ma ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, hoʻohana nā mea hana liʻiliʻi a me waena i ke ʻano maʻamau, a ʻo kā lākou mea kūʻai aku ka hapa nui o nā mea hana lāʻau lapaʻau, aʻo nā mea hana waena nui me ka noiʻi ikaika a me ka hiki ke hoʻomohala e hoʻohana i ke ʻano maʻamau no nā ʻoihana lāʻau hou.Hiki i ke kŘkohu ho'opilikino ke ho'onui pono i ka viscosity me nā mea kū'ai.

Ma lalo o ke kumu hoʻohālike huahana maʻamau, ʻike nā ʻoihana i nā pono maʻamau o nā mea kūʻai aku e like me nā hopena o ka noiʻi mākeke a hana i nā hana ʻoihana kūikawā e like me ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ka hana ʻana, a me ke kūʻai aku ma ke ʻano he hoʻomaka.ʻO ia hoʻi, ma mua o nā hana ʻoihana kikoʻī, ʻaʻohe pilina mea kūʻai aku i hoʻokumu ʻia ma waena o ka ʻoihana a me nā mea kūʻai aku lehulehu.Mai ia manawa, i ke kaʻina o ka hana ʻana i nā hana ʻoihana kikoʻī, mālama mau nā ʻoihana i ke kamaʻilio maʻamau me nā mea kūʻai aku lehulehu e hōʻoia i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā pono ākea o nā mea kūʻai aku.No laila, ʻo ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā huahana maʻamau nā huahana maʻamau mua, a laila nā mea kūʻai nui.Hoʻokumu ʻia ke ʻano ʻoihana ma luna o nā huahana maʻamau a me ke kumu, a ʻo ka ʻoihana a me nā mea kūʻai aku lehulehu he pilina pili wale nō.I loko o ka ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau, pili nui ke kumu hoʻohālike huahana i ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ka hana ʻana a me ke kūʻai ʻana o nā intermediates lāʻau lapaʻau, API a me nā mākaukau e pono ai no nā lāʻau lapaʻau generic.

Ma ke ʻano hana maʻamau, hāʻawi nā mea kūʻai aku i ka ʻike huna i ka ʻoihana ma hope o ke kau inoa ʻana i ka ʻaelike huna me ka ʻoihana, a wehewehe i nā koi hoʻoponopono. ʻO ia hoʻi, ma mua o ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hana ʻoihana kūikawā, ua hoʻokumu nā ʻoihana i kahi pilina o nā mea kūʻai aku me nā mea kūʻai maʻamau. kamaʻilio hohonu me nā mea kūʻai maʻamau e hōʻoia i ka pono o nā mea kūʻai maʻamau i nā mea āpau.ʻO keʻanoʻoihanaʻoihana i hoʻonohonoho ponoʻia i ka mea kūʻai a me ke kumu, a aia kahi pilina pili pili ma waena o kaʻoihana a me nā mea kūʻai maʻamau. a me nā hoʻomākaukau e pono ai no nā lāʻau hou.

II.Nā kānāwai a me nā hoʻoponopono pili ʻoihana

ʻO nā mea kikowaena lāʻau lapaʻau no ka ʻoihana kemika, akā ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ma mua o nā huahana kemika maʻamau. paepae no nā mea hana waena.

Ma ke ʻano he noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻoihana hana o nā lāʻau lapaʻau, ua kāohi ʻia kāna mau hana hana e ka Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China, ke Kānāwai o ka People's Republic of China e pili ana i ka palekana o ka hana, ke Kānāwai Kūleʻa Hua o ka People's Republic of. Kina a me nā kānāwai a me nā hoʻoponopono ʻē aʻe.

He lālā koʻikoʻi ka ʻoihana kemika maikaʻi o ka ʻoihana kemika o Kina.I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua ʻōlelo hou ka mokuʻāina i kāna kākoʻo no ka ʻoihana kemika maikaʻi i nā palapala papahana he nui.

Ⅲ, nā pale ʻoihana

1. nā mea kūʻai pale

Hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau e kekahi mau ʻoihana lapaʻau multinational. He makaʻala loa nā oligarchs Medical i ke koho ʻana i nā mea lawelawe outsourcing, a he lōʻihi ka manawa nānā no nā mea hoʻolako hou. e ʻae i kahi manawa lōʻihi o ka loiloi mau e loaʻa ai ka hilinaʻi o nā mea kūʻai aku i lalo, a laila lilo i mea hoʻolako kumu.

2. pale ʻenehana

ʻO ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā lawelawe waiwai hoʻohui kiʻekiʻe ke kumu o nā ʻoihana lawelawe outsourcing lāʻau lapaʻau. nā kumu kūʻai hana. Me ka ʻole o ka manawa lōʻihi, ka noiʻi kiʻekiʻe o ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala hoʻomohala ʻana a me nā mālama ʻenehana, paʻakikī i nā ʻoihana ma waho o ka ʻoihana e komo maoli i ka ʻoihana.

3. pale kālena

ʻO ka hana ʻenehana a me ka hana ʻenehana o ka ʻenehana lāʻau lapaʻau e pono ai ka nui o ka noiʻi maikaʻi loa a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana, nā talena hoʻokele hana a me nā limahana hoʻokō papahana. D a me ka hui elite hana i ka manawa pōkole.

4. nā pale hoʻoponopono maikaʻi

He hilinaʻi ikaika ka ʻoihana waena ma nā mākeke ʻē aʻe.Me ka piʻi ʻana o ka pono o ka nānā ʻana o FDA, EMA a me nā keʻena hoʻoponopono lāʻau ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole hiki i nā huahana i hala ʻole i ka loiloi ke komo i ka mākeke ʻāina lawe mai.

5. nā pale hoʻoponopono kaiapuni

ʻO ka ʻoihana waena no ka ʻoihana kemika, a pono e hana ʻia e like me nā kūlana mālama mālama kaiapuni kūloko no ka ʻoihana hana kemika. pollution, kiʻekiʻe ikehu hoʻohana a me ka haʻahaʻa waiwai-hoʻohui huahana e alo accelerated elimination.

IV.Nā kumu pilikia o ka ʻoihana

1.Risk o ka pili pili o nā mea kūʻai mai

No ka laʻana, e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai ka prospectus o nā ʻāpana ʻo Boteng, ʻo kāna mea kūʻai nui loa ʻo Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical, ʻoi aku ma mua o 60% o ka loaʻa kālā, hiki ke loaʻa kēia ʻano mai nā mea kūʻai waena e like me Yaben Chemical.

2. Pilikia Kaiapuni

1. ʻO ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ka hana ʻana, a me ke kūʻai ʻana i nā mea kūʻai aku o ka lāʻau lapaʻau, aia ka ʻoihana i ka ʻoihana hana huahana kemika maikaʻi.Wahi a nā ʻōlelo kūpono o ka palapala Huanfa [2003] No.101, ua koho ʻia ka ʻoihana kemika ma ke ʻano he pollution kaumaha.

3. pilikia ka uku pānaʻi, pilikia hoʻihoʻi ʻauhau i waho

ʻOi aku ka hilinaʻi o ka ʻoihana intermediary pharmaceutical i ka ʻoihana kūʻai aku, no laila, ʻo ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke kumukūʻai kūʻai a me ka ʻauhau ʻauhau hoʻopuka e loaʻa i kekahi hopena i ka ʻoihana holoʻokoʻa.

4. Pilikia o ke kumu kūʻai waiwai maka

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ʻO kaʻoihana waena he nui a hoʻopuehuʻia nā mea maka e pono ai kaʻoihana waena.ʻO kāna ʻoihana i luna ka ʻoihana kemika kumu, e hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka piʻi ʻana o nā kumukūʻai maka me nā kumukūʻai aila.(E hoʻolohe i ka hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike o nā kumukūʻai o nā mea waiwai koʻikoʻi o ka ʻoihana i manaʻo ʻia.)

5. pilikia pilikino ʻenehana

ʻO ka hoʻokūkū koʻikoʻi o nā ʻoihana waena kemika maikaʻi i ka ʻenehana i hōʻike ʻia i ka hopena kemika, ke koho catalyst kumu a me ka hoʻokele kaʻina hana, ʻoiai kekahi mau ʻenehana koʻikoʻi he ʻano monopolistic kiʻekiʻe, a ʻo ka ʻenehana koʻikoʻi kekahi o nā kumu nui i ka hana a me ka hana ʻana o ka hui. .

6. ʻenehana hou i nā pilikia kūpono

7. pilikia lolo lolouila

Mokuna II, Makeke

I. Ka mana hana

Wahi a ka China Market Survey Network "2015-2020 Future Market Development Potential and Investment Strategy Research Report" hōʻike ʻo China Medical intermediates Industry Analysis China Market Survey Network i hōʻike ʻia e pono ana ʻo Kina ma mua o 2,000 mau ʻano mea maka a me nā mea waena e kākoʻo ana i ka kemika. ʻoihana i kēlā me kēia makahiki, me ka koi o ka ʻoi aku ma mua o 2.5 miliona tons.After oi aku ma mua o 30 mau makahiki o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, hiki i nā mea kemika maka a me nā intermediates e pono ai no ka hana lāʻau lapaʻau o Kina hiki ke kūlike, a he mau ʻāpana wale nō e pono e lawe ʻia mai. i nā kumu waiwai waiwai o Kina a me nā kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ua loaʻa i nā mea waena he nui ka nui o ka lawe ʻana aku.

Wahi a ka "Fine Chemical Pharmaceutical Intermediates Industry Analysis Report" i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e Qilu Securities i ka makahiki 2013, ma muli o ka neʻe ʻana o ka hana ʻana i waho o ka lāʻau lapaʻau i Asia, ua loaʻa nā pōmaikaʻi o ka hana ʻana o ka lāʻau lapaʻau o Kina, a ua manaʻo ʻia e ulu ma ka awelika makahiki o 18. % (ka awelika o ka ulu honua ma kahi o 12%. i ka mahele o ka hana a me ka hana outsourcing lilo i ka au o ka The Times, ma 2017 global outsourcing hana market waiwai e hiki i $63 biliona, CAGR12%.O ke kumu kūʻai o ka hana ana ma Kina he 30-50% haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka Europa a me ka United States, Ke koi mākeke mālama i ka ulu kiʻekiʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o India a me ka nui o nā talena, akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka FDA i hōʻoia ʻia ʻo API a me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana, no laila, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Kina e hoʻomau i ke alakaʻi ʻana i ka hana ma waena o nā lāʻau lapaʻau. ʻO 6% o ka hana hoʻopuka honua, akā e ulu ana i $ 5 biliona ma 18% i nā makahiki ʻelima e hiki mai ana.

Ⅱ.ʻano ʻoihana

1. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻoihana hana he mau ʻoihana kūʻokoʻa, hana maʻalahi, ka pālākiō liʻiliʻi, ma waena o nā miliona a 1 a i ʻole 2 miliona yuan;

2. ʻO ka māhele ʻāpana o nā ʻoihana hana i hoʻohālikelike ʻia, ka hapa nui i nā wahi me Zhejiang Taizhou a me Jiangsu Jintan ke kikowaena;

3. Me ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o nā pilikia kaiapuni i nā pilikia kaiapuni, piʻi ka paʻakikī o nā ʻoihana hana e kūkulu i nā hale mālama kaiapuni;(e hoʻolohe i ka hoʻopaʻi, hoʻokō)

4. He wikiwiki loa ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā huahana. ʻElima mau makahiki ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi huahana ma ke mākeke, hāʻule nui kona palena waiwai, e koi ana i nā ʻoihana e hoʻomohala mau i nā huahana hou a i ʻole e hoʻomaikaʻi mau i ke kaʻina hana, i mea e mālama ai i ka loaʻa kālā kiʻekiʻe;

5. No ka mea, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka loaʻa kālā ma mua o nā huahana kemika, ua like ke kaʻina hana o nā mea ʻelua, no laila ʻoi aku ka nui aʻe o nā ʻoihana liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i hui pū me nā pae o ka huahana pharmaceutical intermediates. ;

6. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka API, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka loaʻa kālā o nā intermediates hana, a ua like ke kaʻina hana o ka API a me nā intermediates pharmaceutical.No laila, ʻaʻole hana wale kekahi mau ʻoihana i nā mea waena, akā hoʻohana pū i kā lākou pono ponoʻī e hana i ka API.

III.Alakaʻi hoʻomohala e hiki mai ana o ka ʻoihana waena

1. He haʻahaʻa ka manaʻo o ka ʻoihana ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa a me Kina, a he nui ka lumi no ka ulu ʻana o Kina CMO a me CRO.

He haʻahaʻa ka manaʻo o ka ʻoihana ma ka honua a ma Kina. ʻAʻole i kaupalena ʻia nā mea waena o nā lāʻau lapaʻau e ka pale patent, a ʻaʻole pono ka palapala GMP, no laila he haʻahaʻa ka paepae o ka paepae komo, a he nui nā huahana.No laila, ʻo ka honua a me Kina, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka ʻoihana, a ʻo ka outsourcing o nā intermediates pharmaceutical ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa.

Global: ʻO ka 2010 top 10 pharmaceutical CMO i hōʻike ʻia ma lalo o 30%, ʻo nā luna ʻekolu ʻo Lonza Switzerland (Switzerland), Catalent (USA) a me BoehringerIngelheim (Kelemānia). ʻO Lonza, ka hui CMO nui loa o ka honua, loaʻa iā 11.7 biliona yuan ma 2011, He 6% wale nō o ka CMO o ka honua.

2. hoʻololi a hoʻonui i nā huahana i ka pae kiʻekiʻe o ke kaulahao ʻoihana

Loaʻa mai ka hana nui o nā mea haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ka maikaʻi o nā huahana waena, a hoʻonui i nā ʻoihana lapaʻau ʻē aʻe. He koi nui kēia no ka hoʻokele a me ka ikaika ʻenehana o ka ʻoihana, akā pono nō hoʻi e hōʻiliʻili i ka inoa o ka mea kūʻai aku, a me ka hui pū ʻana. He hopena nui ka manawa i ka hohonu o ka launa pū ʻana.

3. lawe 'oihana outsourcing lawelawe

Ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka ʻoihana lawelawe outsourcing, hana i nā lawelawe R&D outsourcing (CMO+CRO): hoʻonui mai CMO a hiki i uka, a hana i ka CRO (outsourcing R&D services), nona nā koi kiʻekiʻe loa no ka ʻenehana a me ka noiʻi o ka hui. ikaika hoʻomohala.

4. kālele ana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau, hoʻouka ʻana i ka API a me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i lalo o nā mea waena

5. hana hohonu me nā mea kūʻai nui e kaʻana like i nā hua o ka ulu maʻamau a hoʻonui i ka waiwai kumu

ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻoihana o lalo o ka lāʻau lapaʻau ma mua o ka ʻoihana intermediary pharmaceutical, a ʻo ka noi e hiki mai ana mai nā mea kūʻai aku nui: mai ka hiʻohiʻona o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau honua (ʻo ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻoihana lapaʻau ʻumi kiʻekiʻe o ka honua he 41.9 %), ka mea e hana ai i ka koi nui o ka intermediary CMO mai nā pilikua multinational. ʻO ka degere koʻikoʻi o ka ʻoihana waena he 20% wale nō, nāwaliwali ka mana kūʻai, a ʻo ke kuhikuhi hoʻomohala e hiki mai ana no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻoihana lāʻau. ʻO nā pilikua lāʻau multinational ke kumu nui o ka noi o kēia manawa a me ka wā e hiki mai ana. ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā mea kūʻai nui e kuhikuhi ana i nā pono e hiki mai ana.

Mokuna III Nā ʻoihana pili i nā ʻoihana

I. Nā hui i helu ʻia ma ka ʻoihana waena

1, ʻenehana Medialization

Ke alakaʻi nei i ka ʻoihana hana maʻamau: ʻO Lianhua Technology kahi ʻoihana alakaʻi i ka pesticide a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau i hana ʻia ma Kina, a ke piʻi nei ka hapa o ka hana maʻamau i kēlā me kēia makahiki.

ʻO nā pono ʻenehana: hoʻolauna ʻia ke ʻano o ka ammonia oxidation i ka ʻenehana kumu nitrile, ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā catalysts hou a me nā lako hana kiʻekiʻe, hiki i ka ʻenehana i ka pae alakaʻi honua, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a ʻo ke kaʻina hana ʻaʻole ia he mea make.

2, Jacob Kemika

ʻO ka hana maʻamau o ka pesticide a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau kiʻekiʻe intermediates.Pesticide intermediates ka mea nui intermediates BPP o ka insecticide chloroworm benzoamide a me CHP, i loko o CHP mea he precursor o BPP.Medical intermediates ka nui anti-epileptic intermediates a me anti-tumouror intermediates, me na ano o ʻano liʻiliʻi.

ʻO nā mea kūʻai nui o ka hui he mau kanaka nunui multinational, i waena o nā mea i waena o ka pesticide ʻo DuPont, a ʻo nā intermediates pharmaceutical ʻo Teva a me Roche. o DuPont, ua kūkulu ka hui i ke kahua paʻa o ka hilinaʻi a me nā mea pale i ke komo ʻana i nā makahiki he nui, a ua hoʻonui mau ʻia ka hohonu o ka hui ʻana.

3, Wanchang Technology

ʻO Wanchang Technology ka poʻokela i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma ke kahua o nā lāʻau lapaʻau pesticide.ʻO kāna huahana nui he trimethyl proformate a trimethyl proformate.I ka makahiki 2009, ʻo 21.05% a me 29.25% ka māhele mākeke honua, ʻo ia ka mea hana nui loa o ka honua.

ʻO kaʻenehana kūʻokoʻa, kiʻekiʻe ka nui o ka loaʻa kālā, loaʻa nāʻano o ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe a me ka hua, ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻolimalimaʻana, kaʻoihana hoʻokele waiwai. , ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hana patent o ke kaʻina hana "waste gas hydrocyanic acid method", ikaika ka hoʻokūkū.

4, Mahele Boteng

ʻO ka hui ʻenehana koʻikoʻi, me nā pōmaikaʻi i ʻike ʻia i ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana, hiki ke hāʻawi i nā lawelawe R & D i hoʻopili ʻia a me nā lawelawe hana, a lilo i ka home pharmaceutical intermediates maʻamau i hana ʻia a me ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻoihana. , hoʻomohala a me nā lawelawe hana no nā hui lāʻau lapaʻau multinational a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau biopharmaceutical hou, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka maʻamau o ka lua a me ka pahuhopu maikaʻi.

1. He ikaika ko ka hui i ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana (e pili ana i ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ʻaʻole hiki i nā mea a pau ke komo i kēia ʻoihana.

2. ua hōʻike ʻia nā huahana, e pili ana i nā mea kūʻai lāʻau maʻamau a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea kūʻai lāʻau hou (ke kūlana patent invention, nā mea kūʻai aku o ka ʻoihana, nā huahana lāʻau lapaʻau i hoʻopau ʻia, he aha nā hōʻailona, ​​a me ka hiki ke mākeke o nā hōʻailona);

3. hiki i nā pahu hopu ke hoʻomohala i nā huahana maʻamau, a i ʻole CRO a i ʻole CMO, ma mua o ka hana ʻana i nā huahana maʻamau maʻamau;(hiki iā lākou ke hoʻomohala i ka ʻoihana lāʻau i lalo, akā pono ke kākoʻo o ke kapikala a me ka brand)

4. He maikaʻi ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā pahuhopu, a ʻaʻohe hoʻopaʻi mai ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni, nā kuʻuna a me nā luna ʻauhau.

Kuhikuhi:

(1)<>, Ka Pa'i Ola Ola o na Kanaka, 8th edition, March 2013;

(2) Māhele ʻo Boteng: hāʻawi lehulehu IPO a helu ʻia ma ka prospectus Growth Enterprise Board;

(3) UBS Gene: —— <>, Mei 2015;

(4)Guorui Pharmaceutical: "ʻO ka ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau ʻaʻole ʻoe i ʻike";

(5) Yaben Chemical: IPO a me ka papa inoa o nā prospectus ma ka Growth Enterprise Board;

(6) Hui Kūʻai Lapaʻau Lapaʻau:<< ʻO ka noiʻi hohonu a me ka nānā ʻana o ka mākeke kūʻai o ka ʻoihana hui lāʻau lapaʻau>>, ʻApelila 2016;

(7) Qilu Securities: <>”.