Ama-amino acid ayizingxenye ezibalulekile zezinto eziphilayo futhi adlala indima ebalulekile ezimeni zempilo.Ngokuqhubeka kwesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, kanye nokuqonda komuntu imisebenzi ye-physiological kanye nemisebenzi ye-metabolic entweni ephilayo, imisebenzi ebalulekile yebhayoloji yama-amino acid ezinto eziphilayo isicace kakhulu.Ama-amino acid awumsoco wezinto eziphilayo, izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu zokusinda nokuthuthuka, futhi adlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni umzimba wezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nokudluliswa kolwazi emzimbeni ophilayo.

Eminyakeni engu-30 edlule, inqubekelaphambili ebonakalayo yenziwe ocwaningweni, ekuthuthukisweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwama-amino acid, ekutholakaleni kwezinhlobo ezintsha zama-amino acid nezinombolo ezisukela ezinhlotsheni ezingaba ngu-50 ngeminyaka yawo-1960, kuze kube manje sezidlule izinhlobo ezingama-400.Mayelana nokuphumayo, ukukhiqizwa kwe-amino acid emhlabeni bekungamathani ayi-100,000 kuphela, manje sekugxume izigidi zamathani, okuwumphumela wemali engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-10 zamaRandi.Kodwa kukhona ukukhala okude kwesidingo sangempela, ochwepheshe abalindele ukuthi bafinyelele amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-30 ngo-2000. Ama-amino acids asetshenziswa kabanzi njengezithasiselo zokudla okunomsoco womuntu, izithasiselo ze-seasoning, izithasiselo zokudla, imithi, njalonjalo embonini yokudla, ezolimo, ukufuywa kwezilwane. , impilo yabantu, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, nezinye izici eziningi.

Ngaphezu kwenqubekelaphambili esheshayo kubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza kanye nezindlela zobuchwepheshe bemboni ye-amino acid emazweni asekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, ukucubungula okujulile kwe-amino acid nokuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo omusha kungenye inkambiso.Imikhiqizo yama-amino acid ithuthukile isuka kuphrotheni yendabuko yaya kufaka phakathi ama-amino acid angewona ama-amino acid, okuphuma ku-amino acid, nama-peptide amafushane, isigaba esikhulu sendima ebaluleke kakhulu empilweni yomuntu namaqembu emikhiqizo yokukhiqiza, ehlinzeka ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kokukhiqizwa kwama-amino acid. imakethe enkulu, yama-amino acid kanye nezimboni ezihlobene zibe namandla amasha.

Mayelana nemithi, okuphuma ku-amino acid esetshenziswa njengemithi yomtholampilo kuyasebenza impela, ekwelapheni izifo zesibindi, izifo zenhliziyo, izifo zezilonda, izilonda, izifo zezinzwa, izici zokulwa nokuvuvukala, futhi azikho ngaphansi kwamakhulu ama-amino. okuphuma kwe-asidi okusetshenziselwa ukwelashwa.Isibonelo, i-4-hydroxyproline iphumelela kakhulu ekwelapheni i-hepatitis engapheli kanye nokuvimbela isifo sokuqina kwesibindi.I-N-acetyl-L-glutamine aluminium, i-dihydroxyl aluminium-L-histidine, i-histidine-vitamin u-methionine, i-N-acetyltryptophan aluminium, i-titanium, i-bismuth yizo zonke izidakamizwa ezisebenzayo zesifo sokulwa nezilonda.I-N-diethyline-ethyl-N-acetylglutamatergic ibuyisela ukukhathala, ukwelapha kanye ne-motor dysregulation okubangelwa ukudangala kanye nokuphazamiseka kwe-cerebrovascular.Ama-syngoguse e-La-methyl- β tyrosine ane-callose phenylalanine dehydroxylase, i-D-3-sulfhydryl-2-methyl acetyl-L proline, kanye nama-diuretics, wonke anamandla amakhulu.I-Arginine aspirin, i-lysine aspirin, zombili zigcina umphumela we-analgesic we-aspirin, kodwa futhi zinganciphisa imiphumela emibi.I-N-acetylcysteine ​​hydrochloride iyasebenza kakhulu ku-bronchitis.Ama-amino acid polymers manje aseba into entsha yokuhlinza esetshenziswa ezivivinyweni zomtholampilo.Isibonelo, ngokugoqa kwesilonda esinezingqimba ezilingisa isikhumba semvelo esakhiwe yi-copolymerization ye-leucine ne-esterified glutamate noma i-aspartate acid, isilonda singaboshwa ngaphandle kokuqaqa futhi sibe yingxenye yesikhumba.

Izidakamizwa ze-Peptide nazo ziyisici esibalulekile sokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ze-amino acid, njenge-glutathione iyisidakamizwa esisebenzayo ekwelapheni isifo sesibindi, ubuthi bezidakamizwa, izifo ezibangelwa yi-allergic, nokuvimbela ulwelwesi lwama-cataract.I-Vasopressin, ehlanganiswe nama-amino acid ayi-9, ithuthukisa umfutho wegazi emithanjeni emincane nama-capillaries futhi inomphumela wokulwa nomchamo.

Okuphuma ku-amino acid nakho kungasebenza njengama-antibiotics kanye nama-synergists e-antimicrobial.Isibonelo, ama-amino acid e-N-acylated enziwe ngamafutha e-long-chain fatty, ama-amino acid esters enziwa uphuzo oludakayo oluphezulu ngokusebenzisa i-esterification, kanye ne-N-acyl amino acid esters acylated amino acids enotshwala obuphansi anobubanzi obubanzi bemisebenzi yokulwa namagciwane ku-gram-positive. kanye namabhaktheriya e-gram-negative, futhi aphinde asebenze ekubunjeni, futhi asetshenziswa kabanzi njengama-agent asebenzayo kanye nama-preservatives.Esinye isibonelo, ngokungezwa kokuphuma kwe-amino acid ku-penicillin G ne-lysozyme, futhi ikakhulukazi ukwengeza ama-amino acid esters, i-penicillin G ne-lysozyme ibonisa amandla anamandla e-antimicrobial kanye ne-glycolytic.

Ama-amino acid derivatives asetshenziswe kabanzi njengezidakamizwa ezilwa ne-antitumor ezifana (1) nezidakamizwa ze-anti-neoplastic ezinama-amino acid njengabathwali, njenge-phenylalanine mustard gas, L-valine, L-glutamate, L-lysine conjugate ne-phenylenediamine nitrogen mustard.(2) Sebenzisa okuphuma kokuphuma kwe-amino acid njengama-analogue esakhiwo ama-amino acid adingekayo kumaseli wesimila ukuze afeze izinjongo zokulwa nesimila, njenge-S-amino acid-L-cysteine.(3) Izidakamizwa ezilwa nesimila eziphuma ku-amino acid ezisebenza njengama-enzyme inhibitors.Isibonelo, i-N-phosphoacetyl-L-aspartate iyi-transition inhibitor ye-aspartate transaminophenase, engaphazamisa indlela ye-pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis ukuze kuzuzwe izinjongo zokulwa nesimila.(4) Okuphuma ku-amino acid kusebenza njengama-tumor inhibitors of intermediates.(5) Okuphuma kuma-amino acid ahlehlisa amangqamuzana omdlavuza.

Ama-amino acid kanye nokuphuma kwawo kokusetshenziswa:

(1) ama-amino acid nezinto eziphuma kuwo

Ama-amino emvelo nama-amino acid kanye nokuphuma kokunye.I-Methionine ingavimbela i-hepatitis, i-necrosis yesibindi, nesibindi esinamafutha, futhi i-glutamate ingasetshenziswa ukuvimbela i-coma yesibindi, i-neurasthenia, ne-epilepsy.5-hydroxytryptophan.

(2) ama-polypeptides nezidakamizwa zamaprotheni

Imvelo yamakhemikhali iyafana, ngokungafani kwesisindo samangqamuzana.Izidakamizwa zamaprotheni: i-serum albumin, uhlobo lwe-C. globulin, i-insulin;izidakamizwa ze-polypeptide: i-oxytocin, i-glucagon.

(3) ama-enzyme kanye nezidakamizwa ze-coenzyme

Izidakamizwa ze-Enzyme zihlukaniswe ngama-enzymes wokugaya ukudla (i-pepsin, i-trypsin, i-malamylase), ama-enzyme e-anti-inflammatory (lysozyme, trypsin), i-enzyme yokwelapha isifo senhliziyo (i-kinin release enzyme ivula imithambo yegazi ukunciphisa umfutho wegazi), njll. Izindima zama-coenzymes ekuletheni i-hydrogen, i-electron, namaqembu ekuphenduleni kwe-enzymatic kuye kwasetshenziswa kabanzi ekwelapheni isifo sesibindi nesifo senhliziyo.

(4) ama-nucleic acid nezinciphisi zawo nezinto eziphuma kuwo

I-DNA ingasetshenziswa ekwelapheni ukukhubazeka kwengqondo, ubuthakathaka, nokumelana nemisebe, i-RNA isetshenziselwa ukwelashwa kwe-adjuvant yesifo sokusha kwesibindi esingamahlalakhona, isifo sokusha kwesibindi, nomdlavuza wesibindi, kanti i-polynucleotides iyizikhuthazi ze-interferon.

(5) izidakamizwa zikashukela

I-Anticoagulant, i-lipid-ukwehlisa, i-antiviral, i-anti-tumor, i-anticoagulant ethuthukisiwe, ne-anti-aging.

(6) umuthi we-lipid

I-Phospholipids: I-Nepholipid, i-lecithin ingasetshenziswa ukwelapha isifo sesibindi, isifo senhliziyo, kanye ne-neurasthenia.Ama-fatty acids anciphisa amafutha egazi, umfutho wegazi, nesibindi esilwa namafutha.

(7) isici sokukhula kwamaseli

I-Interferon, i-interleukin, i-tumor necrosis factor, njll.

(8)Isigaba se-Bioproducts

Ukulungiswa okuqondile okuvela kuma-microorganisms, ama-parasites, izinto zezilwane nezomuntu noma ezenziwe nge-biotechnology yesimanje, izindlela zamakhemikhali njengendlela yokulungiselela ukuvimbela, ukwelashwa, ukuxilongwa kwezifo ezithile ezithathelwanayo noma ezinye izifo.